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We're All About Italy

History

Swimming with Ancient Romans

3/21/2025

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Tomb of the Diver, fresco, Paestum
My Father was born in the Apulian fishing port of Molfetta. Even though he left at 4 years old, he still remembered the "white houses, lots of sailboats and the smell of the water". He was like a fish in water, of course. My Dad taught me to swim at a lake when I was young, at first showing me how to crawl on my hands in shallow water while kicking my feet. Within the course of a summer, I learned to propel myself, little by little, lifting my hands off the bottom and then learning to paddle with my arms. I also became like a fish in water... fishing, boating, skin diving and spear fishing, and then scuba diving. My son, Lucas is a water person, too. I suppose there's some of the Adriatic Sea in our veins.
PictureOrantes River Swimmer, Louvre
Aristotle and Plato considered swimming an essential skill and a good form of exercise.  Consider that the boot-shaped peninsula of Italy is surrounded by seas, with many different colors and textures.

And why wouldn't ancient Romans swim? There are 1200 rivers, 1500 lakes and nearly 5000 miles of coastline in Italy. Endless miles more in the entire Roman Empire.

Italian beaches range from rocky to gravel to sandy, with colors from white, pink, red, orange, grey, black and green. Even on rocky coasts, you will will still find small, tucked away "pocket beaches" in-between cuts in the seaside cliffs, with pebbles, broken shells or pottery, or sand. The Romans had no better way to stay cool in the long hot and humid summers than to take a swim in the nearest cool, clear, fresh water.

Picture2nd Century Roman/Egyptian terracotta toy boat.

Pliny the Younger mentions in his Dolphin Letter that people enjoyed "fishing, sailing, and swimming" at the seaside.  There is also evidence of children playing on sandy beaches, the way our children play today. In the Illiad, Apollo is described as "knocking a rampart down like a child kicking a sandcastle", .and the philosopher, Heraclitus (535–475 BC) said, “History is a child building a sandcastle by the sea, and that child is the whole majesty of human power in the world.” It's been said that the skill of swimming has always been second nature to both the Romans and Greeks, a skill learned as young children. The Roman governor, Pliney wrote, "People of all ages amuse themselves with fishing, sailing or swimming, especially boys, who love this play."

It seems to me that people who live close to the sea, lakes or rivers would naturally use these waters for fishing, refreshment and swimming. Those living inland or in mountainous areas, swam in rivers, streams or lakes, as travel to the coastline was too time consuming and labor intensive. We also have to consider the many natural hot springs and spas spattered throughout the volcanic Italian landscape. From ancient times to today, people "take the waters" for health and enjoyment, even if they are a bit stinky.

Wealthier or elite Romans did take holidays, frequenting seaside resorts such as Pompeii and Baiae. Roman baths often included deeper plunge pools specifically designed for swimming. In Rome, people swan in the Tiber River. 

Plato once insulted someone by claiming, "He cannot neither read nor swim."  Proof positive that swimming was ingrained in the Roman spirit.

--Jerry Finzi

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Swimmer mosaic, Ostia
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The Bagni della Regina Giovanna is a ruined 1st century Roman villa (Polio Felice) and natural pool in Sorrento, built by Tiberius for Roman elites.
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Fiordo di Crapolla, a hidden pocket beach on the Amalfi Coast, where Romans once swam.

You might also be interested in...

The Flooded Volcano of Naples - Nisida
Off the Tourist Path: Gaiola Underwater Park
Instead of Going to Greece, Go to Paestum
Jewels from the Sea: Glass Beaches in Italy
The Cilento: Beaches, Mountains, Grottoes and Ghost Towns - Part 1
A Tuscan Beach Vacation: The Maremma

Off the Beaten Path: Grotta della Poesia, Sinkhole in the Sea - Salento, Puglia
Vieste and the Legend of Pizzomunno: the Gargano Peninsula, Puglia

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Will Jill Biden's Italian Roots Influence Joe?

11/20/2020

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Jill Biden might not be a full blooded Italian descendant, but there are many Italian-Americans who are only half Italian yet still identify themselves as "Italian" when asked.

For instance, I'm a first generation Italian-American with both of my parents being Italian, but my wife has an Italian father and Polish mother. The interesting thing is, she has never really identified as Polish-American since most of her cultural influences growing up were from the Italian side of her family. Even late night TV host Jimmy Kimmel (originally Kummel, from his German paternal grandfather), thinks of himself as Italian-American, since the great family influences were from the Neapolitan side of his mother's family. 

There has been recent talk of Jill Biden having Italian roots, but I wonder how she identifies herself when asked about her heritage. I'm certain, for politically correct reasons, her answer to journalists would be, "I'm American". Still, in my experience, having even a tiny bit of Italian blood running through someone's veins is enough for anyone to proudly embrace their Italian roots. Who wouldn't want to be Italian?

Jill Tracy Jacobs Biden is half Italian. Her grandfather, Domenico Giacoppo emigrated from the small Sicilian village of Gesso, escaping the poverty and chaos created by recent earthquakes in the region of Messina. He later changed his name, in an attempt to Americanize it, to Jacobs.

Jill's father, Donald Carl Jacobs (1927–1999), was a U.S. Navy signalman during World War II, who afterwards used the G.I. Bill to attend business school, eventually becoming head of a savings and loan institution in Philadelphia. Her mother, Bonny Jean Godfrey Jacobs (1930–2008), was homemaker of English and Scottish descent.

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Jill's Italian cousins celebrating Biden's success
One of Biden's distant Sicilian cousins, Caterina Giacoppo offered an invitation that has gotten a lot of press lately... “Jill, I’m here, my house is open for you, as is our entire Sicilian village of Gesso where your grandfather came from. Please do come visit us next time you travel to Italy.” Gesso is a tiny, close-knit community with only 600 inhabitants in the province of Messina.

She went on, "I would be very happy if Jill came here ... I would like to meet her. We are ready to have a nice party all over the commune. If you come, I'll cook you baked pasta, roasted braciolettine arrostite and other local delicacies such as eggplant parmigiana, pasta alla 'ncasciata and cannoli filled with fresh goat ricotta, which is one of my specialties"
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Gesso

Flavors of Gesso, Sicily


Pasta alla 'Ncasciata
is the local, Messinese version of baked pasta
with eggplant and caciocavallo cheese.

Braciolettine Arrostite is from the Arabo-Sicula cuisine, a mix of Arab and Sicilian flavors. Similar to beef brasciole, it's charcoal grilled with a stuffing of currants,
pine nuts and pecorino cheese.

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Biden's grandfather, Domenico Giacoppo came to America in 1899, his wife and children arrived one year later
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Jill Biden's grandmother, Angela Giacoppo and children listed on the Patria ship manifest from 1900
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One to go for Joe!

Will we be seeing pasta and pizza nights at the White House soon? Only time will tell, but as far as we're concerned, Joe Biden is more than just an Irish-Catholic... he's Italian by sheer association! The evidence is clear since his go-to menu for many past fund-raising dinners includes a caprese salad, angel hair pasta pomodoro, raspberry sorbet, and biscotti.

Good luck to them both!

--Jerry Finzi
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Biden delivering pizza to Pittsburgh first responders
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Lavandaie, the Washerwomen of Italy

5/29/2020

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My first memories of my mother doing the wash was of the squishing, splashing and grinding of our old white enameled motorized washing tub in our cellar. It had rollers stuck on top to squeegee most of the water out of the clothes, getting them ready to hang out to dry on our clothes-line overhanging our back yard garden. I often had the job to "take in the clothes" from the line. In summer I loved doing this, hanging out the window and pulling the line closer on the pulleys as I worked, and afterwards nuzzling my nose into the sun-warmed towels and shirts, sucking in the freshest smell imaginable. In winter, I would pull in cardboard-like, frozen clothing... pants and shirts looking as if someone was flattened by a steam roller. The towels would be stiff as a large baccala dried fish.

As modern conveniences developed, my mother got a washer and dryer in the basement of her new suburban house. Even when she was well into her eighties, I remember visiting and catching her, moving one step at a time, bringing up a basket of laundry from the cellar, all folded neatly and smelling almost a nice as when we sun-dried them. She was a tough lady.
Her mother was even tougher. In her Hoboken, NJ apartment, she washed her clothes in a sink using only a washboard.


As I write this, I'm listening to be beep-beeps and musical chimes produced by our front load modern washer in our second floor laundry room. It's nearly effortless, allowing my wife Lisa to drop a load of wash as she heads up to her third floor office.  OK, I know... I should do the laundry more often. Nowadays, doing the laundry is not just women's work.

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Le Lavandaie of Italy's Past

When we complain about how hard it is to do household tasks, I often think of how our Italian ancestors dealt with the hardships of everyday life.

Looking at historic photos of the lavandaie (washerwomen) of Italy's past, I consider how hard Italian women had to work at cleaning their cloths. Early on in history, the contadina (country woman) would wash clothes in the nearby river, on her knees, regardless of season or weather. They would bring a wooden washboard to the river, some of these were very wide, offering a communal laundering experience. Some households had their own wooden troughs with a washboard built-in, but water would still have to hauled from the river or local fountain in order to use it.


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A strong-armed Nonna, wringing out her wash
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It wasn't until 1897 that the first public lavatoio (wash house) was built in towns and villages around Italy. Some had roofs with open sides--similar to market structures--to keep the women out of the sun and rain. Many were built near existing streams, and were designed to direct the fresh running water through a trough. Still others had plumbing and elevated wash tanks, allowing women to stand while they washed clothes. What a luxury this simple change must have been!

At the bare basics, a lavandaie needed troughs or tubs where fresh water ran through, and an inclined concrete or stone ramp where they could soap up and agitate the clothes and sheets with a two-handed motion similar to kneading dough. Then they would
slap the clothes on the ramp to rid them of suds, dirt and odors. They used solid soap, often made locally as a by product of the slaughtering process. 

White fabrics, especially sheets, needed to be bleached--a bit of a complex process. The day before, sheets were soaked in boiling water with wood ashes (the bleaching agent, called ranno) and bay leaves, lavender or rosemary (adding a fresh scent). 

To dry, first the sheets were beaten and then it took two women to wring them out due to the heavy, waterlogged weight. Both clothing and sheets were hung to dry in the sun. Still today in modern Italy, hanging clothes in the sun is the preferred way to dry clothes and while Italian households today might have a washer, they rarely have a clothes dryer.


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The long process of bleaching with boiling water and wood ash

Some women called bugadere did the laundry for people who could afford to pay for the service. This was a profession for women only, and only for single women, since most men wouldn't want their wives touching other peoples' dirty laundry. As you can surmise, this was considered a lowly profession.

Housewives who did their family's laundry would go home when finished, but the bugadere was at the lavatoio all day long. Some of these "professional" washerwomen stayed at the village lavatoio and women would bring their laundry to them for washing. Others had clients and went to homes to pick up the laundry, carrying the heavy loads in jute bags (often on their heads). Each client's laundry was identified with a different color ribbon tied to each bag because writing a name on each would have served no purpose since most were illiterate.

You can often find a woman''s profession listed as "washerwoman" on some Ellis Island ship manifests. If you find a washerwomen in your history, be proud. That must have been a tough way to earn a little money to contribute to the welfare of their families.

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Two women wringing out a sheet
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Washing Methods and Materials
There were various detergents used by lavandaie.  The most common and also the least expensive was the so-called ranno, used both for for degreasing and bleaching. The technique involved filtering hot water poured over wood ash through an old linen sheet draped as a filter over a large bucket. Underneath this ash filter were the previously washed fabrics to be bleached.

Many lavatoio also contained a large hearth with a large suspended cauldron to heat water for the ranno bleaching. In later years, de-greasing was accomplished by the use of
sodium carbonate (similar to baking soda); lye solutions, used both for washing and whitening; Varecchina, for bleaching and stain removal; during the first rinse or ranno, crushed eggshells were added; indigo was also added as a blueing agent; in the final rinsing, lavender, bay leaves or rosemary were added to provide sweet or fresh scents; as bar soap became available it was also used, often grated into smaller pieces that could be sprinkled on clothes as they were washed.

--Jerry Finzi

Copyright 2020, Jerry Finzi/GrandVoyageItaly.com - All Rights Reserved
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In the video above, these ladies are seen adding wood ash
to their tub to start the bleaching of their sheets.

School boys hosting a historic demonstration by these lavandaie.
A traditional song about washerwomen.
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The Song of the Partisan - Bella Ciao (Goodbye Beautiful)

4/25/2019

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E questo è il fiore del partigiano … morto per la libertà!

This is the flower of the partisan  … who died for freedom

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April 25, the Festa della Liberazione is an Italian national holiday that commemorates the liberation from fascist domination in Italy. On this day you might hear the partisan song,
Bella Ciao on the radio, in parades, or sung by small groups in small town piazzi all over Italy.
It is the song of I Partigiani, men and women who fought against the Nazis and Fascists primarily in Northern Italy from 1943 to 1945. This is the period called La Resistenza, the Resistance.

The song is set to the melody of a traditional folk song and became the anthem of the Italian resistance movement during World War II, sung by the anti-fascist rebels who fought against the atrocities of the Nazis and Benito Mussolini. The lyrics are symbolic of the sacrifices made for freedom. Each April 25 there are Liberation Day festivities throughout the country, paying tribute to those who lost their lives in in the fight to free their country.
PictureMussolini, the second from the left
In 1943, Mussolini was deposed by the King Victor Emmanuel III of Savoy. The new government signed an armistice with the allied forces, while Mussolini was helped by the Nazis, fleeing to Northern Italy where he created a puppet state. After liberating Southern and Central Italy, the Americans passed through the Apennines. Partisans became an effective fighting force against the Nazis and Fascists in the mountain towns.

On April 25th, 1945 Northern Italy was at last liberated. Mussolini would be executed by Partisans after a quick, public trial near Milano within 4 days. Shot along with his mistress, Claretta Petacci, and his other henchmen, their bodies were at first laid out in Piazzale Loreto where huge crowds of Italians took turns throwing trash on them, kicking and worse. Afterwards, their bodies were hung upside-down on the rafters of the local gas station. Perhaps a fitting end to one of the monsters of modern history.

However, instead of burning the body of Mussolini (as perhaps should have been done) his body was first buried, then stolen, and afterwards found and hidden secretely in a monastary for eleven years. Unfortunately (for the Italy and the World), in May 1957 the newly appointed Prime Minister, Adone Zoli, agreed to Mussolini's interment at his place of birth in Predappio in Romagna. This was for obvious political reasons since Zoli was reliant on the far right to support him in Parliament. Sadly, even today, the remains of Mussolini has become a pro-fascist shrine or sorts. For this reason, it's a very good thing that the Russians "lost" the body of Hitler.

Since the Liberation, Italy has been free from dictators, although the current neo-fascist movements are a signal to never forget what history has taught us... 

--Jerry Finzi

Copyright 2019, Jerry Finzi/GrandVoyageItaly.com - All Rights Reserved
Not to be published without expressed permission.
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Bella Ciao

Una mattina mi son svegliato
o bella ciao, bella ciao, bella ciao, ciao, ciao,
una mattina mi son svegliato
e ho trovato l’invasor.
 
O partigiano, portami via,
o bella ciao, bella ciao, bella ciao, ciao, ciao,
o partigiano, portami via
che mi sento di morir.
 
E se io muoio da partigiano
o bella ciao, bella ciao, bella ciao, ciao, ciao,
e se io muoio da partigiano
tu mi devi seppellir.
 
E seppellire lassù in montagna,
o bella ciao, bella ciao, bella ciao, ciao, ciao,
e seppellire lassù in montagna
sotto l’ombra di un bel fior.
 
Tutte le genti che passeranno,
o bella ciao, bella ciao, bella ciao, ciao, ciao,
tutte le genti che passeranno
mi diranno: «Che bel fior!»
 
E questo è il fiore del partigiano
o bella ciao, bella ciao, bella ciao, ciao, ciao,
e questo è il fiore del partigiano
morto per la libertà.
E questo è il fiore del partigiano
morto per la libertà.

Goodbye, Beautiful

One morning I woke up
goodbye, Beautiful, goodbye, Beautiful, goodbye, Beautiful, goodbye
one morning I woke up
and I found the invader.
 
Oh partisan take me away
goodbye, Beautiful, goodbye, Beautiful, goodbye, Beautiful, goodbye
oh partisan take me away
that I'm feeling like dying
 
And if I die as a partisan
goodbye, Beautiful, goodbye, Beautiful, goodbye, Beautiful, goodbye
and if I die as a partisan
you must bury me
 
You will bury me over there, on the mountain
goodbye, Beautiful, goodbye, Beautiful, goodbye, Beautiful, goodbye
you will bury me over there on the mountain
under the shadow of a wonderful flower
 
And all the people passing by
goodbye, Beautiful, goodbye, Beautiful, goodbye, Beautiful, goodbye
and all the people passing by
will say "what a wonderful flower!"
 
And this is the flower of the partisan
goodbye, Beautiful, goodbye, Beautiful, goodbye, Beautiful, goodbye
dead for our freedom
and this is the flower of the partisan
dead for our freedom
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Delmonico's - the Earliest Italian-Named Restaurant in the U.S.

3/5/2019

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Delmonico's Restaurant in New York City was the first establishment to use the name "restaurant". They were the first restaurant to have printed menus. They were the first restaurant to offer a cookbook. They were the first restaurant to serve women sitting without men at their own table (how shocking!)

Delmonico's was also the first dining establishment in America to price individual dishes à la carte, as was the custom in Paris. Before this, American inns served one price and only one dish--no menu. Everyone was charged the same fixed price whether they ate more or less than other patrons. They were also the first to open (for a while) the Delmonico Hotel, without the standard "room and board" pricing, but charged for room and meals separately.

They were the first restaurant considered to be "fine dining", attracting celebrities and presidents alike. By 1862, Chef de Cuisine, Charles Ranhofer some of the most famous American dishes such as Eggs Benedict, Baked Alaska, Lobster Newburg and Chicken A la Keene (yes, not "King").Ranhofer published his cookbook, The Epicurean," in 1894.

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Giovanni and Pietro Delmonico immigrated from from Ticino, Switzerland, their family roots being in the Trentino region of the Italian Alps. The brothers opened their first restaurant in 1827 in a rented pastry shop at 23 William Street, selling classically prepared pastries, fine coffee, chocolates, bonbons, wines and liquors as well as Havana cigars. In 1831 they were joined by their nephew, Lorenzo Delmonico, who was responsible for the wine list and developing its unique menu. In the coming years, Lorenzo learned every aspect of the restaurant business and was the driving force behind its impeccable standards of both product and service.

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The Delmonico Farm and Villa
In 1834, the brothers earmarked $16,000 (worth $500,000 today) from their profits to purchase a 220 acre farm in the Williamsburg section of Brooklyn. The brothers built an imposing Italian villa at the farm but primarily used the land to cultivate vegetables unknown to Americans for their restaurant, such as endive, sorrel, eggplant, asparagus, Lupini beans, tomato and artichoke. But of course, Delmonico's has become world-renowned for their aged steaks.

Their first three restaurants were all destroyed by fire after which they purchased a triangular lot in Lower Manhattan and opening their landmark restaurant at Williams Street in 1893. Marketing geniuses, they claimed the two Corinthian columns at the portico were "salvaged" from Pompeii (many dispute this claim).
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One early and one later menu from the 19th century
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They weren't attempting to serve Italian cuisine by the looks of their original menus, but to offer an upscale "European" menu, which in all parts of Europe during the 17th - 19th centuries were mainly based on Parisian fare. As their popularity with New York's elite grew, the Delmonico family opened other restaurants under the name, operating up to four at a time. In total they had opened 10, illustrating the determination of this family.

The popularity of their restaurant (with its high priced menu) drew both local and national politicians, financiers such as Vanderbuilt, luminaries like Mark Twain and Italian inventor Tesla. Domenico's was (and still is) a place to discuss the financing for inventors, presidential campaigns, hob-nob with opera stars and authors... definitely now a place for the hoi polloi or common workers of Manhattan

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1884 parody of elites feasting at Delmonico's while the hungry poor beg for a handout
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Mark Twain and his dinner party
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Nicola Tesla enticing financiers at Delmonico's
Oscar Tucci bought it in 1926 and turned it into a speakeasy during Prohibition, purchasing the third liquor license in New York after the liquor started flowing again. The Tucci family ran the business as Oscar's Delmonico until the 1980s. Various imitators opened other "Delmonico's" but were unrelated to the original family or its philosophy. Today at the landmark Williams Street restaurant, a large corporation runs a close approximation to the old world dining experience that the Brothers Delmonico first realized.  

--Jerry Finzi

Delmonico's Website
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Purchase the Epicurean Cookbook!

Delmonico's Italian Steakhouse
is NOT Delmonico's

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There is a chain of restaurants called "Delmonico's Italian Steakhouse" in New York State and Florida that has nothing to do with Delmonico's in New York City. In contrast, this corporate creation is a mashup of Beefsteak Charlies and Olive Garden for the middle class of culinary appetites. The food is a bit high priced for its chain restaurant selections and quality, the steaks are garden variety, about the same as Outback or a bit less, and the menu is cluttered with Italian-American dishes with big, sloppy portions.

As for the lack of classy decor, just take a look at the stereotypes of what an Italian-American is supposed to be plastered on their walls... caricatures of past "Italian" pop icons such as Sinatra or Andrew Dice-Clay along with with big-busted babes. There is a plush booth canned the "Sinatra" and an "Italian Wanna-bee" room, with caricatures actors who play Italians, but aren't. The piped in music is Sinatra, Perry Como, Tony Bennett or Dean Martin and other Rat Pack types. If this is your idea of what an Italian restaurant is supposed to be, have at it. They saw you coming anyway.

If you care about the true Italian culinary heritage, stay clear of these joints.

--GVI

You might also be interested in these articles...

History of Fettuccine all' Alfredo
Did Jews Introduce Coffee and Coffeehouses to Italy?
From the Fifties: Chef Boyardee Pizza Kit
Behind Bars: A Gourmet Dining Experience in Volterra
Bronx's Arthur Avenue: The Biggest Little Italy

The Art, Science and History of Coffee in Italy

Espresso Master, Renato Bialetti Dies at 93

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Gondolas in New York's Central Park?

2/28/2019

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When one thinks of gondolas, they immediately think of Venice, Italy, certainly not Manhattan. But gondolas have been paddling their way across Central Park Lake only a few years after it was dug out.
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Gondoliers at The Lake's boathouse
Frederick Law Olmsted (the architect of Central Park) visited Venice with his sons to broaden their education in landscape architecture and fell in love with gondolas because they weren't simply "common" boats... they were "becoming".

He might have discussed plans for gondolas in Central Park, but the craft didn't appear on The Lake until 1862.  An authentic Venetian gondola Christened  Maiden City of the Sea was given to the park its commissioner, John A.C. Gray. It took a few years for the Park to hire an experienced gondolier who knew how to master the unusual swiveling paddle style needed to steer the asymmetrically curved, 45 foot long hull common to gondolas.  Hiring a gondola became a romantic way to woo the object of a man's affection, and the attraction became so popular that in the 1890s, another second Venetian gondola was added.

Starting in 1936, a “Venetian Water Carnivale” was held on a yearly basis in the park. There was music and dancing at the Mall, and on The Lake “Venetian peasants” floated across The Lake on swan boats and gondolas, singling and playing mandolins. The event also included an “Approach of the Doge,” a “Dance of the Nymphs,” a fireworks display, and a 60 piece orchestra.
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But don't feel sad about Olmsted's gondola obsession. He fulfilled his dream when he included gondolas in his 1898 Worlds Fair design. 
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Gondolas at the Chicago Worlds Fair, 1898
The great news is, the gondolas are still plying the waters of Central Park today. Mostly rented by bachelorette parties, prom dates and marriage proposals, if you're looking for an authentic way to live la Vita Bella, even though you're not in Italy, book a cruise on a gondola the next time you are in the Big Apple. They charge $30 per half hour, weather permitting.

The Solo Mio song is complimentary. 

--Jerry Finzi
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To Book a Central Park Gondola at the Loeb Boathouse
CLICK HERE.

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The Adoption Wheel: La Ruota del Trovatello

1/15/2019

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I’ve researched and written on orphans and adoption customs in Italy before, but in the last few months I’ve come up with another reason to be interested in Italian orphanages… I’ve discovered that my great-great grandfather was an orphan. Apparently, the “First Anselmo” as we are calling him (there were more after him) was offspring of a nobleman from Molfetta and a servant girl. We have the surname of the father but only the first name of the mother. After being educated in the orphanage at Giovinazzo, Puglia he lived with two other families, neither of which had the surname Finzi. So we have a new family mystery to solve… why Finzi? And why Catholic? (Most Finzis in Italy are Jewish).

I suppose that someday I might get my hands on the adoption records from 1836. I’ve read that there can be a lot of information gained due to the narrative style of report written about each foundling during that period. But in the last part of the 19th century, the adoption procedures slimmed down to the barest of information. However, if the foundling was placed in a Ruota del Trovatello (Foundling Wheel), there might never be any information about who the parents of the child were. You see, the Ruota was a type of drum shaped cabinet on a pivot, used in orphanages to receive unwanted babies--anonymously.

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During those hard times, there were a significant percentage of abandoned babies from both unmarried women and married couples. Poor peasants with several other children could not afford to feed yet another child. They would anonymously abandon the child at the Ruota, typically built into the wall of the local convent or Ospizio (orphanage).
The problem of unwanted newborns has been documented in Italy since Roman times when babies abandoned next to a column in a forum were either taken home by strangers to serve as slaves or left to die. Pope Innocent III was so shocked by the large number of dead babies floating in the Tiber River that he institutionalized the “foundling wheel” in the 12th century as a solution for dealing with the large number of foundlings—infants abandoned by their parents and left to die or be discovered and cared for by others. The size of the Ruota was purposely kept infant-sized to prevent older children from being abandoned. Older children were thought of as workers and laborers, and rather than be abandoned, worked on the farm or became apprentices to a local tradesman.

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The practice of using foundling wheels to dispose of unwanted children gained in popularity and became a common practice in medieval Europe. By the early part of the 19th century, names were often recorded when people gave up their children to the orphanage or church openly, a practice often done when there might come a time when they wanted the child back—as they became more solvent or when an older child could work on a family farm. But surnames could never be known when they put the child in the Ruote. For this reason, many often pinned a charm or special memento to the child that could be identified if they ever wanted to reverse their decision. The babies were given surnames such as Esposito (exposed), Proietti (thrown away), and Innocenti (innocent). People with such names can usually trace their family tree back to a foundling. It was only after 1926 that an Italian law banned the use of such discriminatory names, when names were given to describe the time of year (Primavera) or the month (Maggio) the child was abandoned.
(Read more about orphan names HERE)

Safe Ways to Abandon Babies in Modern Society

In many countries, there are still modern versions of the Ruota… usually a climate controlled drawer in which a baby could be placed. Multilingual posters in modern Rome read—“Don’t abandon your baby! Leave it with us.” The practice of placing unwanted infants in a modern foundling wheel, heated baby hatch, stork cradle, stainless steel baby box, maternity ward, or designated safe haven is a practice that is still used today in many European countries and the United States and the practice is gaining in popularity throughout the world to combat child infanticide.

Some legal problems with modern baby hatches are connected to a child’s right to know their own identity, as guaranteed by the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. Baby hatches also deprive the father of his right to find out what has happened to his child, though DNA testing of foundlings would seem to offer a partial solution. I suppose as strange as the Ruota sounds, it has saved the lived of countless children in Italy and around the world…

As for me, I now know we come from a lineage of Finzi’s that come to a sudden, mysterious beginning in 1836. Since my great-great grandfather seems to have been placed into the orphanage with some paperwork filled out, perhaps someday I’ll be able to continue to trace our family tree further and further back in time.
 
--Jerry Finzi

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L'Oca: Italy's Love Affair with the Goose

1/8/2019

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PictureBoy wrestling a goose
Domestication of geese dates back to Neolithic times, about 6,000 years ago.  During the Roman Empire there is  much evidence of breeding geese in both writings and art. Of course, the ancient Romans saw the goose as a ready source of food high in protein and fats.

L'oca (the goose) was written about in the 1st century collection of recipes by Marco Gavio Apicius, the most famous of Roman culinary maestros.  The goose was fattened with dried figs and wine mixed with honey, then were either oven roasted, spit-roasted or boiled and served with a sauce made with pepper, coriander, mint, rue and olive oil. Its liver was a delicacy to be dipped in milk and honey.

It's also obvious to historians that Charlemagne, the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire also favored the development the valuable goose. In the Middle Ages he personally owned 30 geese on his farm for domestic use and trade. In Italy as well as other countries, goose is the preferred celebratory food on the day of San Martino.

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Aside from food, the goose served many other purposes. In the 15th century, Paolo Santonino wrote in his Itinerarium Sanctonini, "Wherever there is an abundance of geese, even the poorest peasants have a feather bed". With their exceptional eyesight, wide field of vision, extremely loud and boisterous honking, a gaggle of geese makes excellent guards to warn of poachers, intruders, thieves and predators, and unlike dogs, they can't be silenced by offering them a treat. 
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In 390 BC, when Rome was attacked by Gallic troops, their honking alarmed when an enemy attempted an attack. Even today, geese are used in Italy, not only to eat pests in vineyards and olive and nut groves (a very organic approach to avoid pesticides), but they will warn the owner of poachers entering their lands. They have also been used to protect wine and whisky cellars.

Old school Italians even forecast the weather using the goose... at the dinner table, that is. If the bones are white, the winter will be short and mild; if they are dark is a sign of rain, snow and cold.


Gaming the Goose
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The goose has also given its share of fun to early households in the form of the game called Gioco dell'Oco. Even saying the name is fun... Jy-Oko, dell Oko.

In the Game of the Goose the object is fairly straightforward, rolling the dice and being the first to make it to the center. There are obstacles to avoid, just like in the child's game Candy Land, except rather than getting stuck on a Licorice Stick, the obstacles are the Inn, the Bridge and Death.

The game originated sometime in the 16th century, and is considered the forefather of most board racing games. Manufactured versions appeared in the late 19th century, and modern versions are still played throughout Italy and Europe. There are even life-sized games with real geese played during the Festival of San Marino in some towns like Mirano and Mortara.

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PictureMirano festival
In Italy, goose-based lunches are typical northern regions such as Friuli, Veneto, Lombardy and Romagna. In several places  the Dinner of San Martino is an entire menu based on goose. In the province of Pavia the town of Mortara has the nickname City of the Goose where one specialty is goose salami, called Salumi dell'Oca. Having a strong Jewish heritage, this high fat sausage replaces typical pork sausage on the table and is prepared in the Kosher tradition.

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Salumi dell'Oca
In addition to their fatty meat, geese produce large edible eggs, weighing up to 6 ounces each. They are used just as chicken eggs are, but have a much larger yolk with a more gamey flavor. As part of the Cucina Povera in past history, a goose egg would have been preferred over a chicken egg since each egg contains much more fat and calories (essential to get through a lean growing season or winter). Perhaps this is where the idea of the Goose Who Laid a Golden Egg came from. Here's a comparison between chicken and goose eggs:

Chicken - 1.5 oz; 72 calories; 4.75 grams total fat/1.56 grams saturated;6 grams protein
Goose - 6 oz; 266 calories; 19.11 grams total fat/5.1 grams saturated; 20 grams protein


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In a modern healthy diet, one rarely considers eating goose eggs, especially if trying to lower their dietary cholesterol... One large chicken egg contains 186 mg of cholesterol, but a single goose egg contains 1,227 mg of cholesterol!
So you see, the contadini (farmers) of Old Italy considered raising geese as a sound investment. They are a good source of high fat, high calorie, high protein food; a "watchdog" against intruders; down for his beds, and for the most part, geese get their own food, grazing for garden pests and are happy to eat kitchen scraps. Keeping geese around was very furbo.
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Prosciutto dell'Oca
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Fully Aged "Crudo"
PictureProsciutto dell'Oca locked in its stand ready for thin slicing
In northern Italy, where there is a large Jewish culture, there is an artisan process of creating Prosciutto dell'Oca (goose ham).  This is a lean product, similar to prosciutto, made using the leg of the goose, seasoned with salt, pepper and spices and aged for about 2 months or more.  Its color is dark red, with a sweet taste and an intense aroma.  It is used as an appetizer for important occasions and often served on bruschetta with a glass of local wine.  The city of Mortara, offers Prosciutto dell'Oca during both spring and fall festivals.


Siena and its Winning Contrada dell'Oca
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In Italy, cities are divided into contrade (districts or wards), with the most famous being the 17 contrade of Siena whose representatives race on horseback in the Palio di Siena, run twice each year. Each contrada has an animal as its mascot, produly and loveingly displayed on flags all over the city. The one that we point out here is the Contrada dell'Oca.

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If you love geese, than this is the flag you should be rooting for when you visit Siena to witness this exciting horse race. But there's another reason... The Noble Contrada dell’Oca holds the record of winning 65 Palios races, from its inception in 1644 to the present day.

 Viva l'oca!

--Jerry Finzi
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Comments

Victims of 9/11 of Italian Descent

9/11/2018

Comments

 
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List of September 11 Victims of Italian Heritage
  1. Abate, Andrew Anthony - 37 - Melville, NY - Dec WTC
  2. Abate, Vincent - 40 - Brooklyn, NY - Dec WTC
  3. Aceto, Richard Anthony - 42 - Wantagh , NY - Dec WTC
  4. Acquaviva, Paul Andrew - 29 - Glen Rock, NJ - Dec WTC
  5. Addamo, Christy A. - 28 - New Hyde Park, NY - Dec WTC
  6. Addo, Sophia Buruwa - 36 - Bronx, NY - Dec WTC
  7. Afflitto, Daniel Thomas - 32 - Manalapan, NJ - Dec WTC
  8. Agnello, Joseph - 35 - Belle Harbor, NY - Dec E/R
  9. Alameno, Andrew - 37 - Westfield, NJ - Dec WTC
  10. Alario, Margaret Ann Jezycki "Peggy" - 41 - Staten Island, NY - Dec WTC
  11. Albero, Gary - 39 - Emerson, NJ - Dec WTC
  12. Allegretto, Edward L. - 51 - Colonia, NJ - Dec WTC
  13. Amaranto, Angelo - 60 - Brooklyn, NY - Dec WTC
  14. Amato, James M. - 43 - Ronkonkoma, NY - Dec E/R
  15. Amatuccio, Joseph - 41 - Ozone Park, NY - Dec WTC
  16. Amoroso, Christopher C. - 29 - Staten Island, NY - Dec E/R
  17. Anchundia, Joseph Peter - 26 - Manhattan, NY - Dec WTC
  18. Andreacchio, John - 52 - New York, NY - Dec WTC
  19. Angelini Jr., Joseph - 38 - Lindenhurst, NY - Dec E/R
  20. Angelini Sr., Joseph - 63 - Lindenhurst, NY - Dec E/R
  21. Angilletta, Laura - 23 - Staten Island, NY - Dec WTC
  22. Angrisani, Doreen J. - 44 - Ridgewood, NY - Dec WTC
  23. Aquilino, Frank Thomas "F.T." - 26 - Staten Island, NY - Dec WTC
  24. Arias, Adam P. - 37 - Staten Island, NY - Dec WTC
  25. Asaro, Carl Francis - 39 - Middletown, NY - Dec E/R
  26. Aversano Jr., Frank Louis - 58 - Manalapan, NJ - Dec WTC
  27. Badagliacca, John James - 35 - Staten Island, NY - Dec WTC
  28. Bantis, Kathy - 44 - Chicago, IL - Dec WTC
  29. Baptiste, Gerard Jean - 35 - Riverdale, NY - Dec E/R
  30. Barbara, Gerard A. - 53 - Staten Island, NY - Dec E/R
  31. Barbaro, Paul V. - 35 - Holmdel, NJ - Dec WTC
  32. Barbella, James W. - 53 - Oceanside, NY - Dec WTC
  33. Barbosa, Ivan Kiryllos Fairbanks - 30 - Jersey City, NJ - Dec WTC
  34. Barbosa, Victor Daniel - 23 - Bronx, NY - Dec WTC
  35. Barbuto, Christine - 32 - Brookline, MA - Am 11
  36. Basina, Inna - 43 - Brooklyn, NY - Dec WTC
  37. Battaglia, Paul James - 22 - Brooklyn, NY - Dec WTC
  38. Bautista, Ivhan Luis Carpio - 24 - Ozone Park, NY - Dec WTC
  39. Bautista, Marlyn C. - 46 - Iselin, NJ - Dec WTC
  40. Beatini, Paul F. - 40 - Park Ridge, NJ - Dec WTC
  41. Bella, Andrea Della - 59 - Jersey City, NJ - Dec WTC
  42. Bellows, Debbie S. - 30 - East Windsor, NJ - Dec WTC
  43. Benedetti, Paul Michael - 32 - Queens, NY - Dec WTC
  44. Benedetto, Denise Lenore - 40 - Staten Island, NY - Dec WTC
  45. Berardi, Dominick J. - 25 - Whitestone, NY - Dec WTC
  46. Boccardi, Michael Andrew - 30 - Bronxville, NY - Dec WTC
  47. Bocchi, John Paul - 38 - New Vernon, NJ - Dec WTC
  48. Bocchino, Michael Leopoldo - 45 - Brooklyn, NY - Dec E/R
  49. Bochino, Susan Mary - 36 - Staten Island, NY - Dec WTC
  50. Boffa, Mary Katherine - 45 - Staten Island, NY - Dec WTC
  51. Bolourchi, Touran Hamzavi - 69 - Beverly Hills, CA - Un 175
  52. Bonomo, Frank - 42 - Port Jefferson, NY - Dec E/R
  53. Bonomo, Yvonne L. - 30 - Jackson Heights, NY - Dec WTC
  54. Borda Leyva, Juan Jose - 58 - New York, NY - Msg WTC
  55. Bosco, Richard E. - 34 - Suffern, NY - Dec WTC
  56. Braca, Alfred J. - 54 - Leonardo, NJ - Dec WTC
  57. Bravo, Lydia Estelle - 50 - Dunellen, NJ - Dec WTC
  58. Brito, Victoria Alvarez - 38 - Elmhurst, NY - Dec WTC
  59. Bucca, Ronald Paul - 47 - Tuckahoe, NY - Dec E/R
  60. Bulaga Jr., John E. - 35 - Haskell, NJ - Dec WTC
  61. Buslo, Irina - 32 - Queens, NY - Dec WTC
  62. Bustillo, Milton - 37 - Staten Island, NY - Dec WTC
  63. Caballero, Daniel Martin - 21 - Houston, TX - Dec Ptn
  64. Cachia, Brian Joseph - 26 - Fresh Meadows, NY - Dec WTC
  65. Cafiero Jr., Steven - 31 - Whitestone, NY - Dec WTC
  66. Caggiano, Richard M. - 25 - Brooklyn, NY - Dec WTC
  67. Caguicla, Cecile M. - 55 - Boonton, NJ - Dec WTC
  68. Calabro, Salvatore - 38 - Staten Island , NY - Dec E/R
  69. Calandrillo, Joseph - 49 - Hawley, PA - Dec WTC
  70. Calcagno, Philip V. - 57 - Staten Island, NY - Dec WTC
  71. Calia, Dominick Enrico - 40 - Manalapan, NJ - Dec WTC
  72. Calvi, Luigi "Gino" - 34 - East Rutherford, NJ - Dec WTC
  73. Cammarata, Michael F. - 22 - Staten Island, NY - Dec E/R
  74. Candela, John A. - 42 - Glen Ridge, NJ - Dec WTC
  75. Cangelosi, Vincent - 30 - Staten Island, NY - Dec WTC
  76. Cangialosi, Stephen J. - 40 - Middletown, NJ - Dec WTC
  77. Cannava, Lisa B. - 30 - Staten Island, NY - Dec WTC
  78. Cannizzaro, Brian - 30 - Staten Island, NY - Dec E/R
  79. Caporicci, Louis A. - 35 - Staten Island, NY - Dec WTC
  80. Cappello, Jonathan Neff - 23 - Garden City, NY - Dec WTC
  81. Caproni, Richard M. - 34 - Lynbrook, NY - Dec WTC
  82. Cardona, Jose - 35 - Manhattan, NY - Dec WTC
  83. Carlino, Edward - 46 - Brooklyn, NY - Dec WTC
  84. Carlo, Michael Scott - 34 - Whitestone, NY - Dec E/R
  85. Carlone, David G. - 46 - Randolph, NJ - Dec WTC
  86. Carpeneto, Joyce Ann - 40 - Manhattan, NY - Dec WTC
  87. Casazza, John F. - 38 - Colts Neck, NJ - Dec WTC
  88. Cascio, Paul Reegan - 23 - Manhasset, NY - Dec WTC
  89. Casoria, Thomas Anthony - 29 - Whitestone, NY - Dec E/R
  90. Castano, Alejandro - 35 - Edgewater, NJ - Dec WTC
  91. Castillo, Arcelia "Chela" - 49 - Elizabeth, NJ - Dec WTC
  92. Castrianno, Leonard - 30 - Manhattan, NY - Dec WTC
  93. Castro, Jose Ramon - 37 - Bronx, NY - Dec WTC
  94. Catarelli, Richard G. - 47 - Brooklyn, NY - Dec WTC
  95. Centeno, Ana M. - 38 - Bayonne, NJ - Dec WTC
  96. Cesta, Joni - 37 - Bellmore, NY - Dec WTC
  97. Chalasani, Swarna - 33 - Jersey City, NJ - Dec WTC
  98. Chiarchiaro, Dorothy J. - 61 - Glenwood, NY - Dec WTC
  99. Chiofalo Jr., Nicholas P. - 39 - Selden, NY - Dec E/R
  100. Chirchirillo, Peter A. - 47 - Langhorne, PA - Dec WTC
  101. Ciafardini, Christopher - 30 - Manhattan, NY - Dec WTC
  102. Ciccone, Alex F. - 38 - New Rochelle, NY - Dec WTC
  103. Cilente, Frances Ann - 26 - Staten Island, NY - Dec WTC
  104. Cillo, Elaine - 40 - Brooklyn, NY - Dec WTC
  105. Cirri, Robert D. - 39 - Nutley, NJ - Dec E/R
  106. Coladonato III, Anthony Joseph - 47 - Staten Island, NY - Dec WTC
  107. Colaio, Mark Joseph - 34 - Manhattan, NY - Dec WTC
  108. Colaio, Stephen J. - 32 - Montauk, NY - Dec WTC
  109. Colasanti, Christopher M. - 33 - Hoboken, NJ - Dec WTC
  110. Conde, Albert - 62 - Englishtown, NJ - Dec WTC
  111. Coppo Jr., Joseph J. - 47 - New Canaan, CT - Dec WTC
  112. Coppola, Gerard J. - 46 - New Providence, NJ - Dec WTC
  113. Cordice, Robert - 28 - Staten Island, NY - Dec E/R
  114. Correa, Ruben D. - 44 - Staten Island, NY - Dec E/R
  115. Correa-Gutierrez, Daniel A. - 25 - Fairview, NJ - Dec WTC
  116. Costa, Dolores Marie - 53 - Middletown, NJ - Dec WTC
  117. Costanza, Alexandra Digna - 25 - Woodside, NY - Dec WTC
  118. Costello, Charles Gregory - 46 - Old Bridge, NJ - Dec WTC
  119. Costello, Michael S. - 27 - Hoboken, NJ - Dec WTC
  120. Crifasi, Lucia - 51 - Glendale, NY - Dec WTC
  121. Crisci, John - 48 - Holbrook, NY - Dec E/R
  122. Cuccinello, Thelma - 71 - Wilmot Flat, NH - Am 11
  123. Cudina, Richard Joseph - 46 - Glen Gardner, NJ - Dec WTC
  124. Curatolo, Robert - 31 - Staten Island, NY - Dec E/R
  125. Curia, Laurence - 41 - Garden City, NY - Dec WTC
  126. Curioli, Paul Dario - 53 - Norwalk, CT - Dec WTC
  127. Da Mota, Manuel J. - 44 - Valley Stream, NY - Dec WTC
  128. DaCosta, Carlos S. - 41 - Elizabeth, NJ - Dec WTC
  129. D'Allara, John - 47 - Pearl River , NY - Dec E/R
  130. D'Amadeo, Vincent - 36 - East Patchouge, NY - Dec WTC
  131. D'Ambrosi, Jack L. - 45 - Woodcliff Lake, NJ - Dec WTC
  132. Damiani-Jones, Jeannine Marie - 28 - Brooklyn, NY - Dec WTC
  133. D'Antonio, Mary Yolanda - 55 - New York, NY - Dec WTC
  134. D'Atri, Edward Alexander - 38 - Staten Island, NY - Dec E/R
  135. D'Auria, Michael D. - 25 - Staten Island, NY - Dec E/R
  136. de Laura, Cristina - - Unknown - Msg WTC
  137. de Laura, Oscar - - Unknown - Msg WTC
  138. De Martini, Francis Albert - 49 - Brooklyn, NY - Dec WTC
  139. De Santis, Jemal Legesse - 28 - Jersey City, NJ - Dec WTC
  140. DeAngelis Jr., Robert J. - 47 - West Hempstead, NY - Dec WTC
  141. DeAngelis, Thomas P. - 51 - Westbury, NY - Dec E/R
  142. DeBarrera, Ana Gloria Pocasangre - 49 - Soyapango, El Salvador - Dec WTC
  143. DeCola, Paul - 39 - Ridgewood, NY - Dec WTC
  144. Deconto, Gerald Francis - 44 - Sandwich, MA - Dec Ptn
  145. DeFazio, Jason Christopher - 29 - Staten Island, NY - Dec WTC
  146. DeFeo, David A. - 37 - Flushing, NY - Dec WTC
  147. DeLeo, Vito Joseph - 41 - Staten Island, NY - Dec WTC
  148. Delie, Danielle - 47 - New York, NY - Dec WTC
  149. Della Pietra, Joseph A. - 24 - Brooklyn, NY - Dec WTC
  150. Delli Gatti, Palmina - 33 - Queens, NY - Dec WTC
  151. DeLuca, Joseph - 52 - Ledgewood, NJ - Un 93
  152. Demas, Anthony - 61 - New York, NY - Dec WTC
  153. DeMeo, Martin N. - 47 - Farmingville, NY - Dec E/R
  154. DePalma, Jean C. - 42 - Newfoundland, NJ - Dec WTC
  155. DeRienzo, Michael - 37 - Hoboken, NJ - Dec WTC
  156. Derubbio, David Paul - 38 - Bensonhurst, NY - Dec E/R
  157. DeSimone III, Edward - 36 - Atlantic Highlands, NJ - Dec WTC
  158. DeSimone, Christian D. - 23 - Ringwood, NJ - Dec WTC
  159. Desperito, Andrew J. - 44 - East Patchogue, NY - Dec E/R
  160. D'Esposito, Michael Jude - 32 - Morganville, NJ - Dec WTC
  161. DeVere, Melanie Louise - 30 - Portsmouth, England - Dec WTC
  162. DeVito, Jerry - 66 - Bronx, NY - Dec WTC
  163. Di Nardo Schorpp, Marisa - 38 - White Plains, NY - Dec WTC
  164. Diagostino, Michael L. - 41 - Garden City, NY - Dec WTC
  165. Dichiaro, Patricia F. - 63 - Queens, NY - Dec WTC
  166. DiFato, John - 39 - Staten Island, NY - Dec WTC
  167. DiFazio, Vincent Francis - 43 - Hampton, NJ - Dec WTC
  168. DiFranco, Carl - 27 - Staten Island, NY - Dec WTC
  169. DiFranco, Donald J. - 43 - Brooklyn, NY - Dec WTC
  170. DiMartino, Debra Ann - 36 - Staten Island, NY - Dec WTC
  171. DiMeglio, David - 22 - Wakefield, MA - Am 11
  172. Dimino, Stephen Patrick - 48 - Basking Ridge, NJ - Dec WTC
  173. Dionisio Jr., Anthony - 38 - Glen Rock, NJ - Dec WTC
  174. DiPasquale, George - 33 - Staten Island, NY - Dec E/R
  175. DiPilato, Joseph - 57 - Staten Island, NY - Dec WTC
  176. DiStefano, Douglas Frank - 24 - Hoboken, NJ - Dec WTC
  177. DiTullio, Donald Americo - 49 - Peabody, MA - Am 11
  178. Domanico, James Joseph - 56 - New York, NY - Dec WTC
  179. Eacobacci, Joseph Anthony - 26 - Flushing, NY - Dec WTC
  180. Fallone Jr., Anthony J. - 39 - Manhattan, NY - Dec WTC
  181. Fanelli, Dolores B. - 38 - Farmingville, NY - Dec WTC
  182. Farino, Thomas J. - 37 - South Ozone Park, NY - Dec E/R
  183. Fava, Shannon M. - 30 - Bensonhurst, NY - Dec WTC
  184. Favuzza, Bernard D. - 52 - Suffern, NY - Dec WTC
  185. Fazio, Robert - 41 - Freeport, NY - Dec E/R
  186. Fazio, Ronald Carl - 57 - Closter, NJ - Dec WTC
  187. Ferraina, Elisa Giselle - 27 - London, England - Dec WTC
  188. Ferreira, Anne Marie Sallerin - 29 - Jersey City, NJ - Dec WTC
  189. Ferrugio, David Francis - 46 - Middletown, NJ - Dec WTC
  190. Fersini, Louis V. - 38 - Basking Ridge, NJ - Dec WTC
  191. Ferugio, Michael - 37 - Brooklyn Heights, NY - Dec WTC
  192. Fiorelli, Stephen J. - 43 - Aberdeen, NJ - Dec WTC
  193. Fiori, Paul - 31 - Yorktown Heights, NY - Dec WTC
  194. Fiorito, John - 40 - Stamford, CT - Dec WTC
  195. Fiumefreddo, Salvatore A. - 45 - Manalapan, NJ - Dec WTC
  196. Flocco, Matthew Michael - 21 - Newark, DE - Dec Ptn
  197. Florio, John Joseph - 33 - Oceanside, NY - Dec E/R
  198. Fontana, David - 37 - New York, NY - Dec E/R
  199. Foti, Robert Joseph - 42 - Albertson, NY - Dec E/R
  200. Fumando, Clement - 59 - Staten Island, NY - Dec WTC
  201. Furmato, Paul James - 37 - Colts Neck, NJ - Dec WTC
  202. Gabrielle, Richard S. - 50 - West Haven, CT - Dec WTC
  203. Galante, Deanna - 32 - Staten Island, NY - Dec WTC
  204. Galante, Grace - 29 - Staten Island, NY - Dec WTC
  205. Galletti, Lourdes - 33 - Bronx, NY - Dec WTC
  206. Gallo, Cono E. - 30 - Maspeth, NY - Dec WTC
  207. Gallucci, Vincenzo - 36 - Monroe, NJ - Dec WTC
  208. Gambale, Giovanna "Genni" - 27 - Brooklyn, NY - Dec WTC
  209. Gambino Jr., Thomas - 48 - Babylon, NY - Dec E/R
  210. Gamboa, Giann F. - 26 - New York, NY - Dec WTC
  211. Gamboa, Ronald - 33 - Los Angeles, CA - Un 175
  212. Ganci, Peter - 54 - North Massapequa, NY - Dec E/R
  213. Garbarini, Charles William - 43 - Pleasantville, NY - Dec E/R
  214. Garfi, Francesco - 29 - New York, NY - Dec WTC
  215. Gargano, Rocco - 28 - Bayside, NY - Dec WTC
  216. Gazzani, Terence D. - 24 - Brooklyn, NY - Dec WTC
  217. Genco, Peter Victor - 36 - Rockville Centre, NY - Dec WTC
  218. Genovese, Steven Gregory - 37 - Basking Ridge, NJ - Dec WTC
  219. Giaccone, Joseph M. - 43 - Monroe, NJ - Dec WTC
  220. Giammona, Vincent Francis - 40 - Valley Stream, NY - Dec E/R
  221. Giordano, Donna Marie - 44 - Parlin, NJ - Dec WTC
  222. Giordano, Jeffrey John - 46 - Staten Island, NY - Dec E/R
  223. Giordano, John J. - 46 - Newburgh, NY - Dec E/R
  224. Giorgetti, Steven A. - 43 - Manhasset, NY - Dec WTC
  225. Giovinazzo Jr., Martin - 34 - Staten Island, NY - Dec WTC
  226. Giraldo, Jinny Lady - 27 - Unknown - Msg WTC
  227. Gitto, Salvatore - 44 - Manalapan, NJ - Dec WTC
  228. Giugliano, Cynthia - 46 - Nesconset, NY - Dec WTC
  229. Gnazzo, John T. - 32 - New York, NY - Dec WTC
  230. Gogliormella, Michael - 43 - New Providence, NJ - Dec WTC
  231. Granitto, Elvira - 43 - Bronx, NY - Dec WTC
  232. Grazioso, John Michael - 41 - Middletown, NJ - Dec WTC
  233. Grazioso, Tim - 42 - Gulf Stream, FL - Dec WTC
  234. Grillo, Joseph F. - 46 - Staten Island, NY - Dec WTC
  235. Guzzardo, Barbara - 49 - Glendale, NY - Dec WTC
  236. Ianelli Jr., Joseph Anthony - 28 - Hoboken, NJ - Dec WTC
  237. Ielpi, Jonathan Lee - 29 - Great Neck, NY - Dec E/R
  238. Infante Jr., Anthony P. - 47 - Mountainside, NJ - Dec E/R
  239. Inghilterra, Louis Steven - 46 - New Castle, NY - Dec WTC
  240. Ingrassia, Christopher N. - 28 - Watchung, NJ - Dec WTC
  241. Innella, Paul William - 33 - East Brunswick, NJ - Dec WTC
  242. LaBorie, Kathryn L. - 44 - Providence, RI - Un 175
  243. LaCorte, Andrew - 61 - Jersey City, NJ - Dec WTC
  244. Lafalce, Joseph A. - 54 - Queens, NY - Dec WTC
  245. LaForte, Michael Patrick - 39 - Holmdel, NJ - Dec WTC
  246. Lafranco, Alan - 43 - Unknown - Msg WTC
  247. Lamana, Michael Scott - 31 - Baton Rouge, LA - Dec Ptn
  248. LaMantia, Steven - 38 - Darien, CT - Dec WTC
  249. Langone, Peter J. - 41 - Roslyn Heights, NY - Dec E/R
  250. Langone, Thomas Michael - 39 - Williston Park, NY - Dec E/R
  251. Lanza, Michele B. - 36 - Staten Island, NY - Dec WTC
  252. Lauria, Stephen James - 39 - Staten Island, NY - Dec WTC
  253. Lavelle, Denis F. - 42 - Yonkers, NY - Dec WTC
  254. Laverde, Jeannine M. - 36 - Staten Island, NY - Dec WTC
  255. Lepore, Michael - 39 - Bronxville, NY - Dec WTC
  256. Libretti, Daniel F. - 43 - Staten Island, NY - Dec E/R
  257. Licciardi, Ralph M. - 30 - West Hempstead, NY - Dec WTC
  258. Lillo, Carlos R. - 37 - Babylon, NY - Dec E/R
  259. Lilore, Craig Damian - 30 - Lyndhurst, NJ - Dec WTC
  260. Linares, Tomas Gallegos - - Queretaro, Mexico - Msg WTC
  261. Lipari, Diane Theresa - 42 - Manhattan, NY - Dec WTC
  262. Lira, Kenneth P. - 28 - Paterson , NJ - Msg WTC
  263. Liriano, Francisco Alberto - 33 - Queens, NY - Dec WTC
  264. Lisi, Lorraine - 44 - New York, NY - Dec WTC
  265. Litto, Vincent M. - 52 - Staten Island, NY - Dec WTC
  266. Livera, Joseph - 67 - Unknown - Dec WTC
  267. Lizcano, Harold - 31 - East Elmhurst, NY - Dec WTC
  268. Lostrangio, Joseph - 48 - Langhorne, PA - Dec WTC
  269. Lovero, Joseph - 60 - Jersey City, NJ - Dec WTC
  270. Lucania, Charles Peter - 34 - East Atlantic Beach, NY - Dec WTC
  271. Lugano, Sean Thomas - 28 - Manhattan, NY - Dec WTC
  272. Lugo, Daniel - 45 - Manhattan, NY - Dec WTC
  273. Luparello, Anthony - 62 - Corona, NY - Dec WTC
  274. Luzzicone, Linda - 33 - Staten Island, NY - Dec WTC
  275. Maffeo, Jennieann - 40 - Bensonhurst, NY - Dec WTC
  276. Maffeo, Joseph - 30 - Staten Island, NY - Dec E/R
  277. Maggitti, Joseph - 47 - Abington, MD - Dec WTC
  278. Maio, Joseph - 32 - Roslyn Harbor, NY - Dec WTC
  279. Maldonado, Debora I. - 47 - South Ozone Park, NY - Dec WTC
  280. Maldonado-Agosto, Myrna T. - 49 - Bronx, NY - Dec WTC
  281. Mancini, Francisco - 26 - Astoria, NY - Dec WTC
  282. Mangano, Joseph - 53 - Jackson, NJ - Dec WTC
  283. Mannetta, Debra M. - 31 - Islip, NY - Dec WTC
  284. Marchese, Laura A. Giglio - 35 - Oceanside, NY - Dec WTC
  285. Margiotta, Charles Joseph - 44 - Staten Island, NY - Dec E/R
  286. Mariani, Louis Neil - 59 - Derry, NH - Un 175
  287. Marino, Kenneth Joseph - 40 - Monroe, NY - Dec E/R
  288. Marino, Lester Vincent - 57 - Massapequa, NY - Dec WTC
  289. Marino, Vita - 49 - Manhattan, NY - Dec WTC
  290. Marlo, Kevin D. - 28 - Manhattan, NY - Dec WTC
  291. Marrero, Jose J. - 32 - Old Bridge, NJ - Dec WTC
  292. Martello, James - 41 - Rumson, NJ - Dec WTC
  293. Marti, Michael A. - 26 - Glendale, NY - Dec WTC
  294. Martini, Paul Richard - 37 - Brooklyn, NY - Dec E/R
  295. Mascali, Joseph A. - 44 - Staten Island, NY - Dec E/R
  296. Masi, Stephen F. - 55 - New York, NY - Dec WTC
  297. Massa, Nicholas "Nick" - 65 - Manhattan, NY - Dec WTC
  298. Massari, Patricia Ann - 25 - Glendale, NY - Dec WTC
  299. Massaroli, Michael - 38 - Staten Island, NY - Dec WTC
  300. Mastrandrea, Philip W. - 42 - Chatham, NJ - Dec WTC
  301. Mastrocinque, Rudolph - 43 - Kings Park, NY - Dec WTC
  302. Mattricciano, Marcello - 31 - New York, NY - Dec WTC
  303. Matuza, Walter - 39 - Staten Island, NY - Dec WTC
  304. Mauro, Charles A. - 65 - Eltingville, NY - Dec WTC
  305. Mauro, Charles J. - 38 - Eltingville, NY - Dec WTC
  306. Mauro, Dorothy - 55 - New York, NY - Dec WTC
  307. Mauro, Nancy T. - 51 - Forest Hills, NY - Dec WTC
  308. Mazza-Delosh, Kathy Nancy - 46 - Farmingdale, NY - Dec E/R
  309. Mazzella Jr., Edward - 62 - Monroe, NY - Dec WTC
  310. Mazzotta, Jennifer - 23 - Maspeth, NY - Dec WTC
  311. Medaglia, Rocco - 49 - Melville, NY - Dec WTC
  312. Medina, Abigail - 46 - New York, NY - Dec WTC
  313. Medina, Ana Iris - 39 - New York, NY - Dec WTC
  314. Mello, Christopher D. - 25 - Boston, MA - Am 11
  315. Mena, Diarelia Jovannah - 30 - Brooklyn, NY - Dec WTC
  316. Mentis, Shevonne - 25 - Brooklyn, NY - Dec WTC
  317. Mercado, Steve - 38 - Bronx, NY - Dec E/R
  318. Mercurio, Ralph Joseph - 47 - Rockville Centre, NY - Dec WTC
  319. Merino, George C. - 39 - Bayside, NY - Dec WTC
  320. Merino, Yamel - 24 - Yonkers, NY - Dec E/R
  321. Micciulli, William Edward - 30 - Matawan, NJ - Dec WTC
  322. Milano, Peter Teague - 43 - Middletown, NJ - Dec WTC
  323. Minara, Robert - 54 - Carmel, NY - Dec E/R
  324. Minardi, William G. - 46 - Bedford, NY - Dec WTC
  325. Minervino, Louis Joseph - 54 - Middletown, NJ - Dec WTC
  326. Mingione, Thomas - - West Islip, NY - Msg E/R
  327. Mirpuri, Rajesh A. - 30 - Engelwood Cliffs, NJ - Dec WTC
  328. Mistrulli, Joseph - 47 - Wantagh, NY - Dec WTC
  329. Miuccio, Richard - 55 - Staten Island, NY - Dec WTC
  330. Moccia Sr., Frank V. - 57 - Hauppauge, NY - Dec WTC
  331. Modafferi, Louis Joseph - 45 - Staten Island, NY - Dec E/R
  332. Molina, Fernando Jiminez - - Oaxaca, Mexico - Msg WTC
  333. Molina, Manuel Dejesus - 31 - New York, NY - Dec WTC
  334. Molinaro, Carl - 32 - Staten Island, NY - Dec E/R
  335. Molisani Jr., Justin J. - 42 - Middletown Township, NJ - Dec WTC
  336. Montanaro, Kristen - 34 - Staten Island, NY - Dec WTC
  337. Montano, Craig D. - 38 - Glen Ridge, NJ - Dec WTC
  338. Montesi, Michael G. - 39 - Highland Mills, NY - Dec E/R
  339. Morabito, Laura Lee - 34 - Framingham, MA - Am 11
  340. Morello, Steven P. - 52 - Bayonne, NJ - Dec WTC
  341. Morello, Vincent S. - 34 - Middle Village, NY - Dec E/R
  342. Moreno, Arturo Alva - - Mexico City, Mexico - Msg WTC
  343. Moreno, Yvette Nicole - 25 - Bronx, NY - Dec WTC
  344. Morrone, Ferdinand V. - 63 - Lakewood, NJ - Dec E/R
  345. Motroni Sr., Marco - 57 - Fort Lee, NJ - Dec WTC
  346. Mozzillo, Christopher - 27 - Staten Island, NY - Dec E/R
  347. Murillo, Cesar Augusto - 32 - Manhattan, NY - Dec WTC
  348. Murolo, Marc A. - 28 - Maywood, NJ - Dec WTC
  349. Napolitano, John - 33 - Ronkonkoma, NY - Dec E/R
  350. Nardella, Catherine - 40 - Bloomfield, NJ - Dec WTC
  351. Nardone, Mario - 32 - Staten Island, NY - Dec WTC
  352. Navarro, Karen S. - 30 - Bayside, NY - Dec WTC
  353. Nazario, Francis - 28 - Jersey City, NJ - Dec WTC
  354. Nichilo, Jody Tepedino - 39 - New York, NY - Dec WTC
  355. Nicosia, Kathleen Ann - 54 - Winthrop, MA - Am 11
  356. Notaro, Daniela R. - 25 - New York, NY - Dec WTC
  357. Oliva, Linda Mary - 44 - Staten Island, NY - Dec WTC
  358. Orsini, Ronald - 59 - Hillsdale, NJ - Dec WTC
  359. Osorio-Oliva, Elsy Carolina - 27 - Queens, NY - Dec WTC
  360. Palazzo, Jeffrey Matthew - 33 - Staten Island, NY - Dec E/R
  361. Palazzo, Thomas Anthony - 44 - Armonk, NY - Dec WTC
  362. Palazzolo, Richard - 39 - Manhattan, NY - Dec WTC
  363. Palombo, Frank A. - 46 - Brooklyn, NY - Dec E/R
  364. Palumbo, Alan - 42 - Staten Island, NY - Dec WTC
  365. Pandolfo, Dominique Lisa - 27 - Hoboken, NJ - Dec WTC
  366. Pansini, Paul J. - 35 - Staten Island, NY - Dec E/R
  367. Paolillo, John M. - 51 - Glen Head, NY - Dec E/R
  368. Papa, Edward Joseph - 47 - Oyster Bay, NY - Dec WTC
  369. Papasso, Salvatore - 34 - Staten Island, NY - Dec WTC
  370. Pappalardo, Marie - 53 - Paramount, CA - Un 175
  371. Parro, Robert - 35 - Levittown, NY - Dec E/R
  372. Passananti, Horace Robert - 55 - Manhattan, NY - Dec WTC
  373. Passaro, Suzanne H. - 38 - East Brunswick, NJ - Dec WTC
  374. Pastrana, Victor Antonio Martinez - - Tlachichuca, Puebla, Mexico - Msg WTC
  375. Patrocino, Manuel - 34 - Unknown - Dec WTC
  376. Pecorelli, Thomas Nicholas - 31 - Topanga, CA - Am 11
  377. Pedicini, Thomas E. - 30 - Hicksville, NY - Dec WTC
  378. Pelino, Todd D. - 34 - Fair Haven, NJ - Dec WTC
  379. Peluso, Anthony - 46 - Brooklyn, NY - Dec WTC
  380. Peralta, Carl Allen - 37 - Staten Island, NY - Dec WTC
  381. Percoco, Marie Vola - 37 - Brooklyn, NY - Dec WTC
  382. Perconti, Jon Anthony - 32 - Brick, NJ - Dec WTC
  383. Perroncino, Joseph John - 33 - Smithtown, NY - Dec WTC
  384. Perrotta, Edward Joseph - 43 - Mount Sinai, NY - Dec WTC
  385. Pesce, Danny - 34 - Staten Island, NY - Dec WTC
  386. Petrocelli, Mark - 29 - Staten Island, NY - Dec WTC
  387. Petti, Philip Scott - 43 - Staten Island, NY - Dec E/R
  388. Pezzulo, Dominick A. - 36 - Bronx, NY - Dec E/R
  389. Pezzuti, Kaleen E. - 28 - Fair Haven, NJ - Dec WTC
  390. Piantieri, Eugenia - 55 - Bronx, NY - Dec WTC
  391. Picarro, Ludwig J. - 44 - Basking Ridge, NJ - Dec WTC
  392. Picerno, Matthew - 44 - Holmdel, NJ - Dec WTC
  393. Pietronico, Bernard T. - 39 - Matawan, NJ - Dec WTC
  394. Pietrunti, Nicholas P. - 38 - Belford, NJ - Dec WTC
  395. Pinto, Susan Elizabeth Ancona - 44 - Staten Island, NY - Dec WTC
  396. Plumitallo, Joseph - 45 - Manalapan, NJ - Dec WTC
  397. Pollicino, Steve - 48 - Plainview, NY - Dec WTC
  398. Pollio, Susan M. - 45 - Long Beach Township, NJ - Dec WTC
  399. Portillo, Anthony - 48 - Brooklyn, NY - Dec WTC
  400. Potorti, James Edward - 52 - Plainsboro, NJ - Dec WTC
  401. Preziose, Gregory M. - 34 - Holmdel, NJ - Dec WTC
  402. Princiotta, Vincent - 39 - Orangeburg, NY - Dec E/R
  403. Pugliese, Robert D. - 47 - East Fishkill, NY - Dec WTC
  404. Puopolo, Sonia Morales - 58 - Dover, MA - Am 11
  405. Racaniello, Christopher Peter A. - 30 - Little Neck, NY - Dec WTC
  406. Ragaglia, Leonard - 36 - Staten Island, NY - Dec E/R
  407. Raggio, Eugene J. - 55 - Staten Island, NY - Dec WTC
  408. Ragonese-Snik, Laura Marie - 41 - Bangor, PA - Dec WTC
  409. Ragusa, Michael - - Unknown - Msg E/R
  410. Raimondi, Peter F. - 46 - Staten Island, NY - Dec WTC
  411. Rauzi, Gerard - 42 - Flushing, NY - Dec WTC
  412. Reda, Gregory - 33 - New Hyde Park, NY - Dec WTC
  413. Reina, Joseph - 32 - Staten Island, NY - Dec WTC
  414. Renda, Karen C. - 52 - Staten Island, NY - Dec WTC
  415. Reo, John Armand - 28 - Larchmont, NY - Dec WTC
  416. Rescorla, Richard C. - 62 - Morristown, NJ - Dec WTC
  417. Resta, John Thomas - 40 - Bayside, NY - Dec WTC
  418. Resta, Sylvia San Pio - 27 - Bayside, NY - Dec WTC
  419. Riccardelli, Francis Saverio - 40 - Westwood, NJ - Dec WTC
  420. Riccio, Rudolph N. - 50 - Bronx, NY - Dec WTC
  421. Riccoboni, AnnMarie Davi - 58 - Queens, NY - Dec WTC
  422. Rigo, John M. - 48 - New York, NY - Dec WTC
  423. Rimmele III, Frederick Charles - 32 - Marblehead, MA - Un 175
  424. Risco, Theresa "Ginger" - 48 - Manhattan, NY - Dec WTC
  425. Riso, Rose Mary - 55 - Queens, NY - Dec WTC
  426. Rivelli Jr., Joseph - 43 - Manhattan, NY - Dec E/R
  427. Riverso, Joseph R. - 34 - White Plains, NY - Dec WTC
  428. Rizza, Paul V. - 34 - Park Ridge, NJ - Dec WTC
  429. Rizzo, John Frank - 50 - Brooklyn, NY - Dec WTC
  430. Roberto, Joseph - 37 - Midland Park, NJ - Dec WTC
  431. Roma, Keith - 27 - Staten Island, NY - Dec E/R
  432. Romagnolo, Joseph M. - 37 - Coram, NY - Dec WTC
  433. Romero Sr., Efrain Franco - 57 - Hazleton, PA - Dec WTC
  434. Romero, Elvin Santiago - 34 - Matawan, NJ - Dec WTC
  435. Romito, James A. - 51 - Westwood, NJ - Dec E/R
  436. Rosario, Aida - 42 - Jersey City, NJ - Dec WTC
  437. Rosario, Angela - 27 - Manhattan, NY - Dec WTC
  438. Rossetti, Daniel - 32 - Bloomfield, NJ - Dec WTC
  439. Rossomando, Nicholas - 35 - Staten Island, NY - Dec E/R
  440. Rubino, Joanne - 45 - New York, NY - Dec WTC
  441. Ruggiere, Bart Joseph - 32 - Manhattan, NY - Dec WTC
  442. Ruggiero, Susan Ann - 30 - Plainview, NY - Dec WTC
  443. Sabella, Thomas E. - 44 - Staten Island, NY - Dec E/R
  444. Sacerdote, Joseph F. - 48 - Freehold, NJ - Dec WTC
  445. Salamone, John Patrick - 37 - North Caldwell, NJ - Dec WTC
  446. Salamone, Marjorie C. - 53 - Springfield, VA - Dec Ptn
  447. Salcedo, Esmerlin Antonio - 36 - Bronx, NY - Dec WTC
  448. Salerno, John Salvatore - 31 - Westfield, NJ - Dec WTC
  449. Salinardi, Richard L. - 32 - Hoboken, NJ - Dec WTC
  450. Salvaterra, Frank G. - 41 - Manhasset, NY - Dec WTC
  451. Salvio, Paul - 27 - Midwood, NY - Dec WTC
  452. Salvo, Samuel R. - 59 - Yonkers, NY - Dec WTC
  453. Sammartino, John - 37 - Annadale, VA - Am 77
  454. Santo, Susan G. - 24 - New York, NY - Dec WTC
  455. Santora, Christopher - 23 - New York, NY - Dec E/R
  456. Santore, John - 49 - Staten Island, NY - Dec E/R
  457. Santoro, Mario L. - 28 - Manhattan, NY - Dec E/R
  458. Santos, Dominick - 36 - Bronx, NY - Dec E/R
  459. Santos, Rufino Condrado F. "Roy" - 37 - Manhattan, NY - Dec WTC
  460. Saracini, Victor J. - 51 - Lower Makefield Township, PA - Un 175
  461. Sattaluri, Deepika Kumar - 33 - Edison, NJ - Dec WTC
  462. Sbarbaro, John - 45 - New York, NY - Dec WTC
  463. Scandole, Robert Louis "Rob" - 36 - Pelham Manor, NY - Dec WTC
  464. Scarpitta, Michelle - 26 - New York, NY - Dec WTC
  465. Scauso, Dennis - 46 - Dix Hills, NY - Dec E/R
  466. Scibetta, Adrianne - 31 - Staten Island, NY - Dec WTC
  467. Scorca, Raphael - 61 - Beachwood, NJ - Dec WTC
  468. Sellitto, Matthew Carmen - 23 - Morristown, NJ - Dec WTC
  469. Sereno, Arturo Angelo - 29 - Brooklyn, NY - Dec WTC
  470. Serrano, Frankie - 23 - Elizabeth, NJ - Dec WTC
  471. Serva, Marion - 47 - Stafford, VA - Dec Ptn
  472. Sesinova, Alena - 57 - Brooklyn Heights, NY - Dec WTC
  473. Sessa, Adele - 36 - Staten Island, NY - Dec WTC
  474. Sezna Jr., Davis G. "Deeg" - 22 - New York, NY - Dec WTC
  475. Siracuse, Peter A. - 29 - Manhattan, NY - Dec WTC
  476. Skala, John P. - 31 - Clifton, NJ - Dec E/R
  477. Smagala Jr., Stanley S. - 36 - Holbrook, NY - Dec E/R
  478. Sorresse, Michael C. - 34 - Morris Plains, NJ - Dec WTC
  479. Soto, Fabian - 31 - Harrison, NJ - Dec WTC
  480. Spagnoletti, Gregory T. - 32 - Manhattan, NY - Dec WTC
  481. Spampinato, Donald - 39 - Manhasset, NY - Dec WTC
  482. Sparacio, Thomas - 35 - Staten Island, NY - Dec WTC
  483. Spataro, John Anthony - 32 - Mineola, NY - Dec WTC
  484. Sperando, Mary Rubina - 39 - Queens, NY - Dec WTC
  485. Spinelli, Frank J. - 44 - Short Hills, NJ - Dec WTC
  486. Starita, Anthony M. - 35 - Westfield, NJ - Dec WTC
  487. Strada, Thomas S. - 41 - Chatham, NJ - Dec WTC
  488. Suozzo, James Joseph - 47 - Hauppauge, NY - Dec WTC
  489. Taddei, Norma C. - 64 - Woodside, NY - Dec WTC
  490. Taddonio, Michael - 39 - Huntington, NY - Dec WTC
  491. Talignani, John - 74 - New York, NY - Un 93
  492. Tamuccio, Michael Andrew - 37 - Pelham Manor, NY - Dec WTC
  493. Taormina, Dennis Gerard - 36 - Montville, NJ - Dec WTC
  494. Tarantino, Kenneth Joseph - 39 - Bayonne, NJ - Dec WTC
  495. Tartaro, Ronald - 38 - Bridgewater, NJ - Dec WTC
  496. Tempesta, Anthony - 38 - Elizabeth, NJ - Dec WTC
  497. Terrenzi, Brian John - 28 - Hicksville, NY - Dec WTC
  498. Tieri Jr., Sal Edward - 40 - Shrewsbury, NJ - Dec WTC
  499. Tieste, William Randolph - 54 - Basking Ridge, NJ - Dec WTC
  500. Tino, Jennifer Marie - 29 - West Caldwell, NJ - Dec WTC
  501. Tipaldi, Robert Frank - 25 - Dyker Heights, NY - Dec WTC
  502. Tirado Jr., Hector Luis - 30 - Bronx, NY - Dec E/R
  503. Tirado, David Lawrence - 26 - Brooklyn, NY - Dec WTC
  504. Titolo, Michelle - 34 - Copiague, NY - Dec WTC
  505. Todisco, Richard J. - 61 - Wyckoff, NJ - Dec WTC
  506. Traina, Christopher M. - 25 - Brick, NJ - Dec WTC
  507. Traore, Abdoul Karim - 41 - New York, NY - Dec WTC
  508. Trentini, James Anthony - 65 - Everett, MA - Am 11
  509. Trentini, Mary - 67 - Everett, MA - Am 11
  510. Trerotola, Lisa L. - 36 - Hazlet, NJ - Dec WTC
  511. Trerra, Karamo - 40 - Manhattan, NY - Dec WTC
  512. Trombino, Francis Joseph - 68 - Clifton, NJ - Dec WTC
  513. Tuzio, Donald Joseph - 51 - Goshen, NY - Dec WTC
  514. Uliano, Michael A. - 42 - Aberdeen, NJ - Dec WTC
  515. Vaccacio, John Damien - 30 - New York, NY - Dec WTC
  516. Valvo II, Carlton Francis - 38 - New York, NY - Dec WTC
  517. Varacchi, Frederick T. - 35 - Greenwich, CT - Dec WTC
  518. Velamuri, Sankara - 63 - Avenel, NJ - Dec WTC
  519. Ventura, Anthony M. - 41 - Middletown, NJ - Dec WTC
  520. Vera, David - 41 - Brooklyn, NY - Dec WTC
  521. Vero, Loretta A. - 51 - Nanuet, NY - Dec WTC
  522. Vialonga, Christopher - 30 - Demarest, NJ - Dec WTC
  523. Vianna, Matthew Gilbert - 23 - Manhasset, NY - Dec WTC
  524. Vicario, Robert A. - 40 - Weehawken, NJ - Dec WTC
  525. Vigiano II, John T. - 36 - West Islip, NY - Dec E/R
  526. Vigiano, Joseph Vincent - 34 - Medford, NY - Dec E/R
  527. Vignola Jr., Frank J. - 44 - Merrick, NY - Dec WTC
  528. Vilardo, Joseph B. - 44 - Stanhope, NJ - Dec WTC
  529. Villanueva, Sergio - 33 - Jackson Heights, NY - Msg E/R
  530. Vincelli, Chantal - 38 - Harlem, NY - Dec WTC
  531. Virgilio, Francine A. - 48 - Staten Island, NY - Dec WTC
  532. Virgilio, Lawrence - 38 - Unknown - Dec E/R
  533. Visciano, Joseph G. - 22 - Staten Island, NY - Dec WTC
  534. Vitale, Joshua S. - 28 - Great Neck, NY - Dec WTC
  535. Zaccoli, Joseph - 39 - Valley Stream, NY - Dec WTC
  536. Zambrana Jr., Edwin J. - 24 - Brooklyn, NY - Dec WTC
  537. Zampieri, Robert Alan "Robbie" - 30 - Saddle River, NJ - Dec WTC
  538. Zangrilli, Mark - 36 - Pompton Plains, NJ - Dec WTC
  539. Zarba, Christopher Rudoph - 47 - Hopkinton, MA - Am 11
  540. Zedillo, Aurelio - - Mexico - Msg WTC
  541. Zinzi, Michael Joseph - 37 - Newfoundland, NJ - Dec WTC
  542. Zisa, Salvatore J. - 45 - Hawthorne, NJ - Dec WTC
  543. Zuccala, Joseph J. - 54 - Croton-on-Hudson, NY - Dec WTC


Never Forget...

--GVI
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Roman Gold Coins Found Under Como Theater

9/11/2018

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September 11, 2018

Closed since 1997, the Cressoni Theater in Como was destined to be demolished, making way for modern luxury residence. As happens often in ancient Italy, the more you dig, the more you find... but what a find this was!
A hoard of ancient Roman gold coins...

A soapstone jar dating from the fifth century AD was found this week, full of ancient Roman gold coins that could be worth millions of dollars. The unique coins that date back to the late Roman imperial era were uncovered in the cracked soapstone jar, broken when workers first came upon it. “We do not yet know in detail the historical and cultural significance of this discovery but this area is a real treasure for our archeology,” Minister of Culture Alberto Bonisoli said in a press release published on Friday.

As is common when archeological artifacts are uncovered, construction will be halted until further excavation is carried out by archeologists, who believe the site could also contain jewelry and gold ingots. The excavation site is close to the Foro Novum Comum, an area known for some major Roman artifacts discoveries.

--GVI

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